KL2 and SUSTAIN Programs

Recipients Awarded in 2023

Phillipp Hartmann, MD, MAS

Mentor: Bernd Schnabl, MD

Project Title: Role of Candida albicans for the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Abstract:  My KL2 grant proposal focuses on the fungal microbiome, the fungus Candida albicans (C. albicans) and its cell wall 65 kDa mannoprotein MP65 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We have recently demonstrated that progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to NASH is associated with higher fecal proportions of C. albicans in patients. Reducing intestinal fungi with antifungals decreased western diet-induced liver disease in microbiota humanized mice. Our central hypothesis is that C. albicans and specifically C. albicans MP65 cause progression of NASH via the induction of a T helper cell 17 (Th17) response in the liver. In Aim 1, we will quantitate fecal amounts of C. albicans and plasma anti-C. albicans antibody levels in subjects with NAFLD and correlate with clinical parameters of liver disease. Further, we will use loss and gain of function approaches to evaluate the role of C. albicans in a microbiota humanized mouse model of diet-induced steatohepatitis. In Aim 2, we will examine the role of C. albicans MP65 and the MP65-induced Th17 response in NAFLD. We will quantitate fecal MP65-positive C. albicans, and serum levels of the MP65 antigen and anti-MP65 antibodies in patients and correlate with NAFLD severity. Additionally, we will evaluate the function of MP65 mechanistically in mouse models of western diet-induced steatohepatitis using a T cell adoptive transfer. Our experiments will provide novel insights into the contribution of the fungal microbiome to NASH and will discover innovative interventions for this disease. 

Recipients Awarded in 2022

Katherine Longardner, MD
Department of Neurosciences - Division of Movement Disorders

Mentor: Irene Litvan, MD, MSc, FAAN, FANA

Project Title: Effects of Blood Pressure on Cognition and Cerebral Oxygenation in Parkinson Disease

Abstract: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is associated with worse cognition in Parkinson disease (PD) and could be a treatable risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. However, the mechanisms of this association remain unclear, and no treatment guidelines exist for asymptomatic OH. PD causes cognitive impairment and cardiovascular autonomic failure manifesting as OH (low blood pressure (BP) when upright). The overall objective of this research is to determine how OH affects transient, positional cognitive changes and brain blood flow in PD. In cross-sectional experiments, participants with PD with and without OH will undergo repeated cognitive testing while sitting and while upright on a tilt table. During cognitive testing, BP will be measured continuously and simultaneously with brain perfusion using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Aim 1will determine the relationship between BP and cognition and how cognition differs between participants with and without OH. Aim 2will determine how brain perfusion relates to cognition and BP. This study will utilize innovative technology to yield novel data that will be used in future projects to determine clinically relevant BP thresholds. This research has potential significance because it can advance knowledge toward developing OH treatment targets, with the long-term objective of preventing cognitive dysfunction in PD. I am a movement disorders neurologist with clinical and research experience in PD. My training plan will support my acquisition of skills and knowledge in autonomic failure, PD-related cognitive impairment, functional neuroimaging, and advanced statistical methods toward becoming an independent clinician-scientist focusing on how cardiovascular dysautonomia relates to preventable cognitive impairment. 

Harpreet S. Bhatia, MD MAS
Division of Medicine - Division of Cardiovascular Medicine

Mentor: Sotirios Tsimikas, MD

Project Title: Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Elevated Lipoprotein(a)

Abstract: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a lipid-carrying particle that contributes significantly to cardiovascular disease risk when at elevated levels (30% of the population), but has limited therapies, especially for primary prevention. Anti-platelet therapy with aspirin has become controversial for primary prevention of cardiovascular events, but people with elevated Lp(a) may represent a subgroup that derives benefit due to the unaddressed risk associated with elevated Lp(a), Lp(a)’s interaction with platelets, and Lp(a)’s interaction with fibrinolysis which may result in lower bleeding risk. This proposal seeks to address the hypothesis that daily low-dose aspirin therapy will reduce cardiovascular disease events in people with elevated Lp(a). We will perform secondary analyses of the ASCEND trial of diabetic participants (Aim 1) and the ASPREE trial of healthy elderly participants (Aim 2) by measuring Lp(a) on stored blood samples and evaluating the effect of aspirin therapy by Lp(a) level. Additionally, we similarly aim to evaluate this hypothesis in multi-ethnic American prospective cohort studies (Aim 3) to also study an ethnically diverse population. Preliminary data using genetic polymorphisms from the ASPREE trial provides robust evidence of an anticipated benefit of aspirin therapy in this population. The candidate has expertise in internal medicine, cardiology, epidemiology and statistics. This award and the described career development plan will allow him to achieve his goals of becoming an independent investigator in preventive cardiology with a focus on lipids and risk stratification by completing the proposed studies and training plan to further develop skills in epidemiology, biostatistics and lipidology.  

Kentson Lam, MD
Department of Medicine - Division of Regenerative Medicine

Mentor: Robert A.J. Signer, Ph.D.

Project Title: Targeting the protein homeostasis network in acute myeloid leukemia

Abstract: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of adult acute leukemia. Standard treatment remains induction chemotherapy and the five-year survival rate is just 29%. Thus, identifying new strategies to target AML has immense clinical significance. The proteostasis network collectively refers to how the proteome is regulated. Our lab showed that hematopoietic stem cell function depends on balancing proteostasis. Stem cells depend on unusually low protein synthesis rates to minimize biogenesis of misfolded proteins. Proteostasis regulation in AML has not been thoroughly examined. Two nodes of proteostasis include protein degradation, which consists of the proteasome and autophagy, and proteotoxic stress pathways like the heat shock response, which is mediated by the transcription factor HSF1. Proteasome inhibitors have largely been ineffective in AML. One reason may be that there are compensatory responses in other nodes of the proteostasis network. I generated preliminary data showing that there is significant crosstalk between the proteasome and autophagy, and combined inhibition of these pathways disrupts proteostasis and decreases human AML cell viability. In addition, I found that HSF1 is activated in human AML cells in response to proteasome inhibition, raising the possibility that it may enable AML cells to cope with this treatment. My central hypothesis is that disrupting proteostasis can impair AML development and progression. In Aim 1, I will determine if combined proteasome and autophagy inhibition disrupts proteostasis and impairs AML progression. In Aim 2, I will determine if HSF1 promotes AML development and restricts the therapeutic efficacy of proteasome inhibition. 

Jacqueline Greene, MD
Department of Head & Neck Surgery – Otolaryngology

Mentor: Mark Tuszynski MD/PhD, Joseph Califano, MD

Project Title: Advancing Long-Gap Facial Nerve Regeneration with 3D-Printed Multichannel Nerve Scaffolds

Abstract: There are limited repair options for long-gap peripheral nerve defects and peripheral nerve regeneration over long distances remains poorly understood. There are an estimated 500,000 cases of peripheral nerve transection requiring repair annually and peripheral nerve injuries cost the US healthcare system $150 billion annually; however functional outcomes for long-gap repair are often suboptimal. Currently, the only means of repairing lengthy and branched facial nerve defects (often 15cm or more) in patients with Head and Neck tumors is autologous nerve grafting (autografting) which is technically challenging, creates additional surgical site morbidity, prolongs anesthesia time and raises the risk of post-operative complications; only 24% of patients whose facial nerves are resected during parotid tumor excision receive nerve repair. Patients who do not receive facial nerve repair, or fail to recover, are left with significant long-term functional deficits from facial paralysis. Advances in 3D printing technology have led to the development of a 3D-printed scaffold with microscale multichannel architecture that is rapidly colonized by host Schwann cells and has demonstrated linear axonal topographic guidance up to 3 cm gaps in the rabbit sciatic nerve. A comprehensive investigation of the 3D-printed multichannel scaffold in a long-gap facial nerve repair animal model (>3cm) demonstrating equivalent outcomes with autografting would not only represent a major paradigm shift for this difficult surgical scenario, but with a 3D electron microscopic reconstruction of the regenerating nerve, provide an unparalleled insight into the ultrastructure, physiology and mechanism of long-gap nerve regeneration and potential causes for failure across clinically relevant distances.

Recipients Awarded in 2021

Michael Wilkinson, MD
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine

Mentor: Alan R. Saltiel, Ph.D.

Project Title: Effect of time-restricted eating on catecholamine sensitivity of adipose tissue in obese adults

Abstract: Obesity affects millions of people and leads to diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but weight loss is challenging, and novel treatments are needed. Catecholamines promote breakdown of adipose tissue (lipolysis)by binding to the b3 adrenergic receptor(ADRB3), leading to weight loss.  However, in obesity inflamed adipose tissue becomes resistant to catecholamines. Thus, increasing the catecholamine sensitivity of adipose tissue is anticipated to be an effective treatment for obesity. Time-restricted eating (TRE) (a form of intermittent fasting based on circadian rhythm biology) promotes weight loss, and this proposal seeks to determine in obese individuals the effects of TRE on (Aim 1) catecholamine sensitivity and (Aim 2) inflammation in adipose tissue, and (Aim 3) body weight and composition. Based on rigorous preliminary data, the central hypothesis is that TRE increases catecholamine sensitivity in obese adipose tissue. TRE is also expected to decrease inflammation in obese adipose tissue and reduce body weight and total body fat.  Eighty-five individuals with obesity will be enrolled in a14-weekrandomizedcontrol trial of TRE, limiting dietary intake to a self-selected 10-hour window, or standard of care. Catecholamine sensitivity and inflammation will be measured in subcutaneous adipose tis-sue biopsy samples, by measuring ADRB3, TNF and IL1B gene expression, ADRB3 protein levels, and response to ex vivo stimulation with catecholamines. The candidate has expertise in cardiology, lipidology, and chronobiology, and a strong background in clinical research. This award will enhance his knowledge and skills in metabolism and scientific investigation and contribute to his development into an independent physician-scientist.

 Theresa Guo, MD
Division of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery

Mentor: Silvio Gutkind, Ph.D.
 
Project Title: Identification of splice variant derived neo-antigens in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as targets for tumor vaccine therapy
 
Abstract: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) were recently FDA approved for first line treatment of recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, response rates to ICI in HNSCC are less than 20%. Tumor specific neoantigens predict response to ICI therapy, and these immunogenic neoantigens represent ideal targets for vaccines to enhance ICI response. Alternative splicing events, which are present and functionally active in HNSCC, represent an understudied source of tumor-specific protein diversity and novel neoantigens.  The goal of this KL2 proposal is to evaluate the potential for splice variant derived neoantigens to elicit an immune response and serve as targets for tumor vaccine development. First, a computational pipeline will be generated to predict and prioritize splice variant derived peptides. Then an immunocompetent murine model of oral cancer will be utilized to evaluate the relationship between splicing and response to anti-PD-1 treatment, and assess the ability of splice variant derived neoantigens to elicit an immune response in a preclinical murine model.  Finally, immune response to splice variant derived neoantigens will be evaluated in HNSCC patients. The proposed work has the potential to transform the landscape of tumor neoantigens in HNSCC to include previously unrecognized splicing variants derived neoantigens. These splice variants occur at a higher prevalence than somatic mutations, and their derivative neoantigens represent ideal targets for tumor vaccine development.  While this work is focused in HNSCC, the role of splice variants on anti-tumor immunity can be expanded to impact other heterogeneous solid tumors. 

Recipients Awarded in 2023

 Science Bio: Dr. Obonyo’s work on examining the role of a key innate immune signaling transduction molecule, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) in Helicobacter infections led to the discovery of two mouse models of gastric carcinogenesis, slow - and fast – gastric cancer progressors. Her laboratory’s studies using a mouse model of Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer showed that loss of MyD88 resulted in dramatic pathology and more rapid progression to gastric dysplasia, which were unexpected findings given the role of MyD88 in proinflammatory response and as an essential adaptor protein for toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin (IL)-1/IL-18R signaling. These findings have opened up new research areas and indeed, Dr. Obonyo’s laboratory has already used this model to investigate possible protective mechanisms of MyD88, tissue specific functions of MyD88, MyD88 regulation of the alternate signaling pathway, TRIF, and possible crosstalk between MyD88 and the oncogenic signaling pathway, Wnt/β-catenin.

Recipients Awarded in 2022

Science Bio: Dr. Tsuyuki is a professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health with expertise in socio-structural barriers to HIV care retention and ART adherence, such as services for interpersonal violence, and treatment for substance use and mental health disorders.  Her research aims to identify the determinants of HIV testing, prevention, and health disparities in Latinx and Black communities. Dr. Tsuyuki’s research frames social stress and health disparities across the life course within the context of discrimination, gender ideologies, trauma, and violence across the life course. She investigates mechanisms by which comorbidities of substance misuse, violence, mental health, and HIV/STIs contribute to syndemics in communities of color. This research applies the Syndemic Theory to establish syndemic measurement and to understand social processes leading to the syndemic overlap of substance misuse, gender-based violence, mental health, and HIV/STI risk and care outcomes.  She has applied a measurement invariance model to understand differences in syndemic substance use, violence, and mental health by gender and sexuality (e.g., heterosexual men, MSM, and heterosexual women).  Collectively, this research supports access to multi-level interventions, and integrated health care, to address syndemic co-morbidities.

Recipients Awarded in 2020

Paul J. Kim, MD
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Mentor: Klaus Ley, MD

Project Title: Defining Mechanisms for Cardiac Allograft Dysfunction to Improve Allograft Longevity and Survival in Heart-Transplant Patients

Abstract: Heart-transplantation  has  been  a  life-saving  intervention  for  over  100,000  patients  worldwide.  Nonetheless, cardiac allograft dysfunction, where left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)is less than 50%,limits the long-term survival of heart-transplant patients, accounting for 32% mortality in the first 10 years. The central hypothesis is that different immune responses are responsible for early macroscopic structural changes for different types of cardiac allograft dysfunction and can predict cardiac allograft dysfunction in normal heart-transplant patients. In Aim 1, quantitative stress cardiac MRI will be performed to investigate myocardial blood flow and evidence of myocardial injury/edema in different types of cardiac allograft dysfunction. In Aim 2, single cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq)will be used to identify potential pathogenic immune-cell subsets and phenotypes in different types of cardiac allograft dysfunction. The research proposed in this application is innovative because it will use novel imaging  and  immune-cell  assays for further elucidation of immune mechanisms responsible for allograft dysfunction, allowing for early identification of normal heart-transplant patients who are at risk for developing allograft dysfunction. This proposed research is significant because it is expected to vertically advance and expand understanding of cardiac allograft dysfunction and create the scientific basis for development of future targeted therapies. Ultimately, such knowledge has the potential to increase the long-term survival in heart-transplant patients.

Gordan Ho, MD
Department of Medicine - Cardiology
Mentor: David Krummen MD, Elliot McVeigh PhD, Andrew McCulloch PhD

Project Title: The Link Between Abnormal Atrial Substrate and Electrical Drivers as a Mechanism Underlying Atrial Arrhythmias

Abstract: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter are the most common heart rhythm disorders in the world, and can cause heart failure, stroke and symptoms. The poor success rates of therapies to treat atrial fibrillation are limited by poor understanding of its causes. A possible explanation is that areas of scar tissue (structural abnormalities) may cause abnormal electrical activity (electrical drivers) that eventually lead to atrial fibrillation. The purpose of this study is to test whether abnormal electrical activity may arise from areas of scar. This study will answer this question using quantitative invasive measurements obtained during catheter ablation procedures to treat AF. The findings from this study may help cardiologists identify the specific regions of scar tissue to treat and hopefully improve the personalized treatment of AF.

Recipients Awarded in 2019

Alexander Nott
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
Mentor: Christopher Glass, MD, PhD

Project Title: Deciphering a functional role of genetic variation in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, yet no disease-modifying treatments exist. While there is no clear genetic cause for AD, genetic variants associated with an increased risk of developing AD have been identified. A major challenge facing the field of AD research is how to assign functionality and cell-type specificity to AD-risk variants. These AD-risk variants reside within non-coding regions of DNA that are likely enhancers. Enhancers regulate the expression of nearby genes; however, the precise gene targets of enhancers remain ambiguous. The proposed studies will generate enhancer maps derived from specific cell subsets in the human brain to reveal the regulatory functions of AD-risk variants and identify downstream signaling pathways and transcription factors associated with AD pathology.  Cell-type specific enhancer maps in the brain will be generated using next-generation sequencing technology and will be analyzed for enriched of AD-risk variants using bioinformatic tools. Cell-specific target genes of enhancers associated with AD-risk variants will be functionally validated using induced pluripotent stem cells and DNA editing technology. Lastly, postmortem AD brains archived at the UCSD – AD Research Center will be leveraged to determine which enhancers are altered by AD pathophysiology. Collectively, this proposal will reveal functional insights of non-coding genetic variants on enhancer activation and identify signaling pathways and transcription factors dysregulated in AD. These studies will be the first of their kind in the brain and will have the potential to identify new therapeutic targets for AD.

Angela Meier, MD, PhD
Department of Anesthesiology
Mentor: Victor Nizet

Project Title: Impact of Anesthetics on Lung Infection, Inflammation, Antibiotic Treatment and Resistance

Abstract: Antibiotic resistance is a known emerging threat to public health and has been deemed a public health crisis: According to the CDC, about 2 million people get infected with drug resistant bacterial each year in the US alone and at least 23,000 die as a result. Moreover, despite treatment, one in 3 hospital deaths can be attributed to sepsis many of which are the consequence of overwhelming infection with a multidrug resistant organism. Anesthetics are amongst the most commonly administered drugs to severely infected patients during surgery and in the ICU. While data on their differential impact on the immune system and bacterial behavior is emerging, no studies exist to examine their role on the course of the most common infection leading to sepsis, pneumonia, and its antibiotic treatment. Based on strong preliminary data the central hypothesis of this grant is that anesthetics can impact the course of pneumonia and pneumonia treatment by altering the host response to bacteria and through a direct effect on bacteria and their antibiotic resistance.
The aim of this grant is to determine the role of commonly used anesthetics in pulmonary infection, inflammation, their potential use as therapeutics as well as their impact on antibiotic treatment and resistance to optimize care for our most critically ill women and men to ultimately guide a more targeted use of drugs that are currently already administered to this population. The proposed research is relevant to public health as it represents a new strategy complementing antibiotic treatment during severe infection, the success of which is threatened by the current rise in antibiotic resistance. It aims to optimize anesthetic therapeutic potential, their impact on the immune response and treatment conditions as well as bacterial resistance as severely infected patients often are exposed to anesthetics.

 Jeremy Elman, PhD
Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego
Mentor: William Kremen, PhD

Project Title: Characterizing the genetic and biological heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease risk

Abstract: Standard models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) propose a characteristic sequence of pathological events that may accurately describe the progression of some, but not all individuals. However, the failure of AD treatment trials suggests that standard models are not complete. Prior studies have identified variability in domains of cognitive impairment, levels and sequence of pathological events, and the topography of atrophy and pathology in the brain. Interestingly, variability in these biological measures appears to correlate with variability in cognitive impairment. These findings provide evidence suggesting that even "typical" AD may comprise multiple disease subtypes, yet it is unclear to what extent they arise from different etiologies requiring different treatments. Genetic risk in complex diseases such as AD can be summarized using polygenic risk scores (PRSs), but these measures only consider risk along a single continuum, which may obscure different sources of genetic risk. The scientific component of the project will seek to identify genetic subtypes using multiple AD PRSs specific to biological pathways, and will address two key questions: 1) Is the genetic etiology of AD multidimensional, and 2) how does variability in the genetic risk for AD relate to heterogenous biological and cognitive expressions of the disease? The specific aims are to: 1) determine whether there are subtypes of AD genetic risk using pathway-based PRSs; 2) test whether biological subtypes of AD are associated with different forms of AD genetic risk; and 3) examine whether cognitive impairment subtypes are associated with different forms of AD genetic risk. The project will utilize four large-scale studies with multiple biological, cognitive, and genetic measures: Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging, and UK Biobank. Characterizing the variability of disease etiology will inform efforts to develop targeted intervention strategies relevant for disease subtypes. It will also allow more accurate groupings of individuals by subtype to improve sensitivity in detecting disease and therapeutic effects.

Tiffany N. Tanaka, MD
Department of Medicine, UC San Diego
Mentor: Rafael Bejar, MD, PhD

Project Title: Predictive Gene Expression Profiling and Immunophenotypes in Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Abstract: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal bone marrow failure malignancies with highly heterogeneous molecular and immunologic defects driving disease progression and treatment response. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) are the only approved, disease-modifying drugs in higher-risk MDS. Mounting data has found that immune-related mechanisms influence treatment response. Validated biomarkers of HMA response are sorely needed to prospectively identify patients who will benefit from this treatment, and to determine which patients need alternative approaches. We are examining tissue samples from higher-risk MDS patients before and after HMA therapy. We will compare genetic and transcriptional signatures among myeloid and lymphoid cell subsets before and after HMA treatment, as well as differences in flow cytometric phenotypes and measurements of cytokine secretion. This approach introduces a new paradigm to treatment response prediction, integrating molecular and immune phenotyping to understand how front-line HMA therapy alters the immune landscape in MDS. With predictive biomarkers, we could prospectively identify which patients would benefit from treatment before subjecting them to a prolonged course of therapy and its associated toxicity.

Debanjan Dhar, PhD
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, UC San Diego
Mentor: David Brenner, MD

Project Title: Elucidating the role of CD44 in DNA damage response, tumor initiation and progression

Abstract: Although Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most frequent cancer, it is the second leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide, and the fastest growing cancer in the US with 43% increase in the last two decades with very limited treatment options. Accumulating evidence suggest that CD44, a popular cancer stem-cell marker, plays functional role in orchestrating the molecular events that drive HCC pathogenesis. However, the mechanistic details of CD44 action is not well understood. CD44 is a cell surface molecule where it is known to bind several ligands, and can act as a co-receptor for growth factor signaling. Additionally, under certain conditions, CD44 can undergo cleavage at its C-terminal domain to generate CD44-intracellular domain (ICD) that translocates to the nucleus, binds DNA and controls transcription. The goal of this proposal is to investigate where in the cell CD44 exert its key oncogenic function and to identify its signaling partners in HCC pathogenesis. We know from our previous studies that CD44 is overexpressed in human HCC and positively correlates with advanced tumor grades and poor differentiation. We will identify whether CD44 cleavage is important for HCC pathology and the gene signature regulated by CD44-ICD in both mouse and human. The proposed studies will delineate the molecular basis of cancer initiation and progression and provide new mechanism of escape of DNA damaged cells and evolution of tumor progenitor cells. A more complete knowledge of these aspects will lead to targeted therapies and generation of markers for early cancer detection. Since CD44 is widely expressed in several different cancers, the findings can be translated to other tissue types such as pancreas, colon, intestine and breast.

Monika Kumaraswamy, MD, D(ABMM)
Department of Medicine, UC San Diego
Mentor: Victor Nizet, MD

Project Title: New Approaches to Anti-Infective Therapy

Abstract: Current antibiotic practices are unsustainable due to the spread of antimicrobial resistance and lack of new antibiotic classes. Perhaps most poignantly put by the WHO's Assistant Director-General for Health Security, Dr. Keiji Fukuda, "Without urgent, coordinated action by many stakeholders, the world is headed for a post antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries which have been treatable for decades can once again kill." Apart from the development of novel antibiotics, alternative strategies need to be embraced to tackle multi-drug resistant infections. Completely unaccounted for in the current antimicrobial susceptibility testing paradigm are the many dynamic interactions that occur among the bacterial pathogen, potential antimicrobial agents and components of the host innate immune system, such as endogenous antimicrobial peptides, serum complement and phagocytic cells including neutrophils and macrophages. In my research, I have developed a contemporary approach to antimicrobial susceptibility testing incorporating not only the bacterial pathogen and antimicrobial agent, but also the above mentioned components of host defense. I believe the basic knowledge acquired from studying contemporary antimicrobial susceptibility testing, antimicrobial peptides, leukocytes, signal transduction and transcription factors in defense against invasive multi-drug resistant bacterial infection can serve as a platform for identifying and developing novel antimicrobial treatment strategies incorporating host defense.

Recipients Awarded in 2018

Andrew Sharabi, MD, PhD
Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Science, UC San Diego

Project Title: Investigation of Radiation combined with Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer

Abstract: Radiation therapy is a standard of care for many head and neck cancers (HNSCC). Recently, checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI) using anti-PD-1 antibody was FDA approved for recurrent HNSCC. Dr. Sharabi was one of the first to demonstrate that radiation therapy can synergize with CBI in melanoma models at Johns Hopkins. However, the efficacy or mechanisms of action of radiation combined with CBI in HNSCC is understudied and largely unknown. The primary goal of this KL2 project is to determine whether combining radiation with CBI enhances immune responses in mouse models and patients with HNSCC. In Specific Aim 1 we will determine whether combining radiation with CBI enhances the magnitude and diversity of adaptive immune responses using novel orthotopic HNSCC models. Specific Aim 2 will dissect the mechanistic effects of radiation on the immuno-proteasome and neoantigen expression in HNSCC. In Specific Aim 3 we will characterize immune correlates from an ongoing Phase II trial of radiation combined with CBI in HNSCC patients. 

Recipients Awarded in 2017

Aaron Carlin, MD, PhD
Department of Medicine, UC San Diego
Mentor: Christopher Glass, MD, PhD

Project Title: Deciphering Human Innate Immune Responses to Zika Virus Infection

Abstract: Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a rapidly emerging and poorly understood virus that has been linked to severe disease manifestations, including fetal abnormalities and neurologic diseases. ZIKV is causing a massive epidemic affecting more than 70 countries and has the potential to spread to areas where one-quarter of the world's population, including 60 percent of the US population, would be at risk. Little is known about how the human immune system responds to ZIKV. Innate immune responses to related viruses, like West Nile virus and Dengue virus, help control infection but also contribute to disease pathology. The proposed research aims to substantially increase our understanding of the human innate immune system response to ZIKV and determine how these responses contribute to ZIKV protection and/or pathology.

The proposed studies will leverage recent advances in human microglia isolation, a newly developed ZIKV infection model, and cutting-edge genomics technologies and bioinformatics approaches to better understand the human innate immune response to ZIKV and its contribution to protection and pathology. These findings will not only increase our understanding of this emerging viral infection but may inform the development of safe and effective treatments and vaccines.

Robert A Dorschner, MD
Department of Dermatology, UC San Diego
Mentor: Brian Eliceiri, PhD

Project Title: The Role of the Host-defense Peptide ECRG4 in Mediating Inflammation in Wound Repair

Abstract: The skin is a critical barrier to protect the integrity of the body. When breached, repair is accomplished through a tightly orchestrated series of events, including an inflammatory phase to clear debris and infection and a proliferative phase to close the wound. Failure to properly transition through these phases results in defective healing and chronic wounds. Chronic wounds are a significant clinical problem, burdening 6.5 million patients and representing a leading cause for amputation. Patients with diabetes are at particular risk, partly due to decreased immune cell function. It is critical to understand the regulation of wound repair to identify therapeutic targets. ECRG4 encodes a membrane bound anti-inflammatory protein that undergoes proteolytic processing to release a chemokine that recruits neutrophils and monocytes, essential mediators of the wound response. We hypothesize that aberrant expression of ECRG4 will delay wound healing. In this study, we explore a deficit in ECRG4 signaling in diabetes and test the hypothesis that a 16 aa proteolytic peptide of ECRG4 mediates neutrophil and macrophage recruitment, thereby modulating wound healing. We demonstrate the role of ECRG4 in wound healing using a knockout mouse model and in vitro models to examine the ability of ECRG4 to modulate leukocyte chemotaxis and keratinocyte/fibroblast migration and proliferation. Finally, we investigate ECRG4's role in the diabetic impaired healing phenotype. This is the first study to examine the role of ECRG4 in chronic wounds and will support development of improved therapeutics for this critical clinical need.

Recipients Awarded in 2016

Savita G. Bhakta, MD
Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego
Mentor: Neal Swerdlow, MD, PhD

Project Title: Tolcapone Effects on Cognitive Control in Psychosis: Neural Basis and Biomarker Predictors

Jill Blumenthal, MD
Department of Medicine, UC San Diego
Mentor: Steffanie Strathdee, PhD

Project Title: Barriers and Facilitators to PrEP Adherence in High-Risk HIV-uninfected Women in Southern California

Brigid Boland, MD
Department of Medicine, UC San Diego
Mentor: John Chang, MD

Project Title: Identifying Biomarkers Predictive of Clinical and Endoscopic Response to Vedolizumab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Anjan Debnath, PhD
Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego
Mentor: James McKerrow, MD, PhD

Project Title: Targeting Cysteine Protease in Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis

Farhad Imam, MD, PhD
Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego
Mentor: Gabriel Haddad, MD

Project Title: Genetic and Molecular Characterization of Hypoxia Resistance via Preconditioning for Prevention of Brain Injury in Term and Preterm Newborn Infants

Joanna Jacobus, PhD
Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego
Mentor: Susan Tapert, PhD

Project Title: Cognitive Bias Modification Training to Reduce Marijuana Use in Adolescents

Eric Roeland, MD
Department of Medicine, UC San Diego
Mentor: Ezra Cohen, MD

Project Title: FIT: Functional and Imaging Testing to Evaluate Body Composition and Functional Activity in Metastatic Cancer Patients

Caroline A. Thompson, PhD, MPH
Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University
Mentor: Andrea LaCroix, PhD

Project Title: Using Electronic Health Records to Understand Pathways of Breast Cancer Screening and Care

Recipients Awarded in 2014

Jona Hattangadi-Gluth, MD
Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences
Mentor: Anders Dale, PhD

Project Title: Quantitative Neuroimaging and Neurocognitive Assessment to Measure Radiation-induced Brain Injury in Non-Targeted Tissue: Implications for Cognitive Preservation

Frederick Park, MD, PhD 
Department of Medicine
Mentor: Tannishtha Reya, PhD

Project Title: Control of Colon Cancer Stem-like Cell Identity by Musashi1

Michael Preziosi, MD
Department of Medicine
Mentor: Donald Guiney, MD

Project Title: Characteristics of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Maputo, Mozambique

Gabriel Wagner, MD
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
Mentor: Davey Smith, MD

Project Title: HIV-1 Dual Infection and Neurocognitive Impairment

Recipients Awarded in 2013

Monica Guma, MD, PhD
Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology
Mentor: Gary Firestein, MD

Project Title: Choline Kinase: A Novel Target for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Tatiana Kisseleva, MD, PhD
Division of Gastroenterology
Mentor: Michael Karin, PhD

Project Title: The Role of Epigenetics in Regulation of Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation

James Murphy, MD, MS
Moores Cancer Center, Division of Clinical and Translational Research
Mentor: Loren Mell, MD

Project Title: Impact of Provider and Hospital Experience in Head-and-Neck Cancer

Recipients Awarded in 2012

Kathryn Akong, MD
Department of Pediatrics
Mentor: Victor Nizet, MD

Project Title: Targeting HIF in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease

Tiziano Pramparo, PhD
Department of Neurosciences
Mentor: Eric Courchesne, PhD

Project Title: Pathway-Based Sequencing and iPSCs Modeling of Autistic Patients

Recipients Awarded in 2011

Michael Donohue, PhD
Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
Mentor: Paul Aisen, MD

Project Title: Efficient Models for Longitudinal Data with Missingness, with Application to Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trials

Maile Ann Young Karris, MD
Division of Infectious Diseases
Mentor: Douglas Richman, MD

Project Title: Validation of an In Vitro Primary CD4+ T Cell Model of HIV

Loren K. Mell, MD
Department of Radiology
Mentor: Arno Mundt, MD

Project Title: Prospective Multi-Center Clinical Trial of Pelvic Organ-Sparing Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy and Concurrent Cisplatin for Stage I-IVA Cervical Carcinoma

Recipients Awarded in 2010

Taylor Alan Doherty, MD
Department of Medicine
Mentor: David Broide, MB, ChB

Project Title: Targeting OX40/OX40L as a Novel Therapy for Chronic Asthma and Remodeling

Sonia L. Ramamoorthy, MD, FACS, FASCRS
Department of Surgery
Mentor: John Carethers, MD

Project Title: Neoplastic Transformation in Squamous Cell Cancer of the Anus

Science Bio:  Dr. Chavez is a professor in the Division of Medical Genetics at the Department of Medicine, UCSD. His research interests focus on structural variants as well as extrachromosomal circular DNA (ecDNA) in childhood brain tumors. Prior to joining UCSD, Dr. Chavez headed a research group in the Division of Pediatric Neurooncology at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg, Germany. During this time, he made important contributions to the discovery of genetic and epigenetic alterations in childhood cancers and participated in the development of a novel diagnostic tool for the molecular classification of different types of brain tumors. The long-term goal of his laboratory is to identify oncogenic mechanisms and novel tumor-dependency genes and pathways that may provide new targets for improved therapeutic approaches. In addition, his laboratory develops and uses new statistical and machine learning tools for the quantitative and integrative analysis of heterogeneous genetic and epigenetic data. He received the Hannah’s Heroes St. Baldrick’s Foundation Scholar Award for his project titled “Functional Characterization of Extrachromosomal DNA in Medulloblastoma.” His project focuses on whether ecDNA contributes to medulloblast omaheterogeneity, tumorigenicity, and treatment resistance.  He ended his award due to accepting a faculty position at Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute and started in December 2022.

Recipients Awarded in 2021

       
Maria Luisa Mittal, M.D.

Dr. Mittal’s research experience focuses on characterizing individual and structural level factors that shape HIV and OD risk among PWID (persons who inject drugs), including MOUD (medications for opioid use disorder) access. As an early-career Latina physician scientist, she draws from 10 years of clinical care and applied community-based field research experience with vulnerable substance-using populations, specifically female sex workers (FSWs) and PWID in the US-Mexico border region. Her fieldwork identified missed clinical opportunities and reasons why PWID will not go to a MOUD clinic (e.g., fear, anticipated stigma, cost, lack of social support). Dr. Mittal’s field research and clinical training as a physician uniquely positions her to address this research gap in healthcare spaces to improve MOUD outcomes.  During her training she was recipient of the competitive Fogarty funded AIDS International Training and Research Program as a Postdoctoral Fellow (AITRP; D43TW008633) and the GloCal Fellows Program (R25TW009343).  Subsequently, she was selected for NIDA-funded T32 fellowship at UC San Diego (T32DA023356) and made significant contributions in a novel structural approach to prevent HIV risk behaviors and injection drug use through medication-assisted treatment which led to receiving the prestigious and competitive UC San Diego CFAR Next Generation Grant (NIAID P30AI36214-22).  In 2018 she was awarded a NIDA-funded Diversity Supplement (3R01DA040648-02S1; PI: PJ Davidson).

Dr. Orosco is a TORS (transoral robotic surgery) surgeon with a background in engineering. He attended New Mexico State University and graduated with High Honors, with a 4.0 in electrical engineering, and minors in biochemistry and mathematics. He was a fellow at Stanford in 2016 with training focused on clinical experience in head and neck surgical oncology and reconstruction, with a particular emphasis on robotic head and neck surgery. He went on to develop novel, clinically-relevant robotic surgery approaches such as robotic transoral partial laryngectomy and worked in collaboration with an engineering laboratory on robotic surgery projects spanning the realms of time delayed robotic surgery, augmented reality, autonomous motion planning through reinforcement learning, and deformable soft tissue tracking.  Dr. Orosco’s work has been focused on methods of dealing with time delay as would be encountered with telerobotic surgery. His collaborative translational robotic surgery laboratory has established innovative technologies using basic surgical task models they strive to apply to realistic surgical models. To this end, he led the establishment of a robotic surgery animal lab that is a unique resource with a modified da Vinci surgical robot.  This collaborative laboratory has also worked on developing autonomous and semi-autonomous robotic surgery technologies such as the first the first daVinci simulator, and made it open source for other laboratories to use.  Dr. Orosco has been interested in ways that molecularly-targeted compounds can be used to improve the surgical management of patients. His work in this field began in 2010 with a year of NIH T32 research with Quyen Nguyen, MD, PhD and Nobel Laureate Roger Tsien, PhD, and has continued since. In the laboratory, he evaluated fluorescence-guided thyroid surgery in a mouse model, and studied how molecular markers relate to targeting of a novel cancer probe. He served as national PI of a Phase I/II clinical trial evaluating a novel molecularly-targeted agent that fluorescently-labels nerves for identification by surgeons during operations (A Study of ALM-488 to Highlight Nerves in Patients Undergoing Head & Neck Surgery, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04420689). Dr. Orosco accepted an associate professor faculty position at the University of New Mexico Albuquerque (his hometown) and started in September 2022.

Project Title: Anatomical modeling and mapping in transoral robotic surgery

Dr. Rivera-Chávez research interests include microbial pathogenesis, microbial metabolism, host metabolism, and host-microbe interactions. Specifically, he is interested in how enteric bacterial pathogens use virulence factors to alter host metabolism and grow in the intestine in order to outcompete the resident gut microbiota and transmit to a new host. He began conducting microbiology research in 2007 as an undergraduate student in the laboratory of Professor Fitnat Yildiz at University of California Santa Cruz, where he studied Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. As an undergraduate student researcher, he was supported by NIH-sponsored programs including the Minority Biomedical Research Support (MBRS) and the Initiative for Maximizing Student Development (IMSD). After completing his B.S. in 2009, Dr. Rivera-Chávez continued to conduct microbiology research in this lab for another year as a Junior Specialist and was supported by an NIAID Research Supplement to Promote Diversity in Health-Related Research Award. In 2016, he received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Davis in the laboratory of Professor Andreas Bäumler where he studied the molecular mechanisms of Salmonella Typhimurium metabolism in the mammalian gut. As a Ph.D. student he was supported by the NIH-sponsored IMSD PhD Fellowship Award, and the NIH T32 on Animal Models of Infectious Diseases (AMID) Training Program. Dr. Rivera-Chávez made important discoveries elucidating how the Salmonella Typhimurium uses virulence factors to generate a novel nutrient niche in the mammalian gut lumen and transmit to a new host during infection. In the earlier stages of his Ph.D., he studied the role of motility and chemotaxis for Salmonella Typhimurium invasion and colonization of the gut. Using animal models and bacterial genetics, Dr. Rivera-Chávez found that Salmonella uses flagellar-mediated motility and “energy taxis” to benefit from anaerobic respiration in the inflamed intestine. These findings identified the chemotaxis receptors and host signals that allow Salmonella to benefit from chemotaxis during growth in the gut. In a subsequent study, he found that a type three secretion system-independent mechanism of Salmonella invasion required flagellum-mediated motility and chemotactic sensing of host-derived nitrate produced from the epithelial surface of the intestine. He went on to discover that depletion of butyrate-producing members of the gut microbiota (Clostridia) after oral antibiotic treatment or Salmonella-induced infection leads to increased epithelial oxygenation, and aerobic growth of Salmonella Typhimurium. This work was followed by a study where his laboratory demonstrated that butyrate-mediated activation of the nuclear receptor, PPAR, in colonic epithelial cells limits the luminal bioavailability of oxygen and nitrate. Collectively, this work established the concept that the host limits the availability of electron acceptors in the intestine to inflammatory bacteria in order to maintain gut homeostasis. He became a postdoctoral research fellow at Harvard Medical School in 2015 and, using animal models and in vivo RNA-sequencing, he found that cholera toxin (CT) produced by V. cholerae during infection, alters host intestinal metabolism to provide the pathogen with a novel nutrient niche for growth. In 2020, Dr. Rivera-Chávez achieved an assistant professor (tenure-track) position at the University of California, San Diego in the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, in the School of Medicine jointly with the School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology. Since completion of SUSTAIN, he was awarded the Edward Mallinckrodt Jr. Foundation research grant in 2022 and has established his own laboratory.